THE HISTORY OF TEA COFFEE
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According to legend, the advent of coffee dates back to 600 with the discovery of Tea Coffee. The legend of coffee is associated with the accidental discovery of a goat herder named Kaldi while he was grazing goats in a mountainous area of present-day Ethiopia. While Kaldi fell asleep, his goats began to scatter around. A few hours later, he woke up and was terrified to see his goats nowhere. Kaldi began to search and when finally found the goats, an amazing sight caught his eye. The goats were very excited and were dancing on their hind legs. Kaldi searched around and found his herd of goats eating red berries on a strange tree. Kaldi was worried for fear that the goats would get sick from eating strange fruits.
It took a long time for Kaldi to get the goats back to the barn and he decided not to tell his parents what had happened. The next day, when released, Kaldi’s goats went to the strange bushes the day before and started eating the red fruits. Kaldi observed carefully and noticed that the strange fruit did not affect the health of the goats. He took a risk to try a few of them and immediately felt refreshed and alert.
After that, Kaldi brought home the strange fruits and told the story to her parents. Kaldi’s parents gave some to the monks at a nearby monastery. The monks were very happy because after chewing the fruits, they felt awake no matter how long the prayer time. The monks decided to dry the strange trees so that they could be brought to distant monasteries. There, they mix water with dried fruits to form a new drink.
Establishment and development
After Kaldi discovered that the strange fruit can help keep his mind fresh and alert, his story spread rapidly across the Middle East. The berries were transported from Ethiopia to the Arabian peninsula and planted on a land in present-day Yeast. In Yehen, coffee pods are used to process them into a kind of tea. Until appearing in Turkey, people started roasting coffee beans and creating coffee like ours today.
During that time, the Arabs always tried to keep the secrets of the coffee tree. No one is allowed to bring with them raw coffee beans or pods, but only allowed to transport the roasted and ground coffee. Around 1640, although roasted and ground coffee appeared widely in England and Europe, only the Arabs knew the exact seed and shape of the coffee plant.
Until early 1700, the Dutch tried to steal a coffee tree from the land of Yeast and from there the world began to know about the coffee tree. The Dutch introduced the coffee tree for the first time in Indonesia in Java, and then the coffee spread around the world.
Coffee shops sprang up rapidly throughout Europe and became the center of information exchange for the intellectual class. In the 1700s, coffee was blackened to America by a French infantry captain who planted and tended to a small coffee tree during a long journey across the Atlantic. This coffee tree is replanted on the land of the Caribbean island of the Macedonian country, and this is the original coffee tree that gave birth to more than 19 million seedlings on the island within 50 years. Starting from such simple beginnings, coffee trees have been grown in popularity throughout the tropical regions of South and Central America.
At that time, the US Congress decided to approve coffee as a national beverage in protest against the too high tax rate on tea that was enacted by the British King at that time.
Today, coffee growing and processing has become a global industry and employing more than 20 million people. The global commercial value of coffee is second only to oil.
With an estimated annual consumption of over 400 billion cups, coffee is recognized as the most popular and popular beverage in the world. Currently coffee is grown in more than 80 countries around the world.
The most commonly grown commercial coffees are Voi (Coffea canephora) and Tea (Coffea arabica). In some countries, people also grow Jackfruit coffee (Coffea exelsa), but the market demand for this type of coffee is relatively low.
Tea coffee tree belongs to the genus Catimor. It is also known as the dwarf variety. Catimor is a cross between Hybrido de Timor and Caturra. This variety was created in the ’80s. A tree of the genus Catimor can grow up to 2.5 meters tall. Catimor coffee kernels give poor water quality compared to other tea varieties because of their lower acidity and taste (2 important properties for quality and flavor).
The leaves of Voi coffee are usually larger than those of coffee Tea and the tree can bear fruit for a longer time. The fruit and kernel of Voi coffee are easy to distinguish from Che coffee because of its rounder shape. Voi Coffee can be 7 – 10 meters high. Voi coffee beans for more bitter water. Some markets like this feature, but others don’t. Therefore, Voi coffee is often blended with Tea Coffee.
The leaves of Jackfruit coffee are larger and rounder than those of Tea and Voi coffee. Jackfruit coffee can be taller than 10 meters. Jackfruit coffee yields are relatively low. Jackfruit coffee bean taste bitter and sour. The jackfruit coffee collection is also more difficult due to the height of the tree. Moreover, due to the low yield and quality of this variety, the cultivated area is now decreasing.
Coffee development in Vietnam
The French introduced coffee to Vietnam around 1850. In early 1900, coffee was grown in some northern provinces such as Tuyen Quang, Lang Son and Ninh Binh. Coffee Tea is also grown in the central region, such as Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces. Although Tea Coffee first appeared in Vietnam, there were also many Jackfruit coffee gardens (Coffea exelsa) planted during this period. It took a long time before the French began to cultivate coffee gardens in today’s Central Highlands.
Initially, tea was planted in the Central Highlands region. During the process of growth and development, tea coffee trees were too rusted and degenerated gradually. In the end, it was decided to replace Che coffee with Robusta coffee and Jackfruit coffee.
In Quang Tri, the French also planted the first coffee trees, but later it was Jackfruit coffee.
During the 1990s, Vietnam’s coffee production increased rapidly, mainly due to:
– Implementing the policy of allocating land to farmers;
– Coffee prices increased sharply in 1994 and in the period 1996 – 1998;
– Along with the policy of sedentary farming, many people in the delta have migrated to live and intensify coffee in the Central Highlands. The extensive intensification of coffee is most typical in the Central Highlands region. Most of the newly planted coffee gardens during this period are Robusta (Robusta). Daklak province has become the largest coffee area in Vietnam and Daklak’s coffee production accounts for nearly half of the total national coffee output.
In recent years, the Government has made a decision to stabilize the coffee area at 500,000 hectares to avoid deforestation to plant coffee when prices are high. Currently, Vietnam has the second largest coffee export volume in the world, second only to Brazil, ranked first in the export of Robusta coffee and about 14% of the global market share.
CAKE WITH COFFEE
The photo of Uncle Ho beside the coffee tree was kept by the former Information Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (now the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) and awarded to the Vietnam Union of Coffee Enterprises (now the Corporation Vietnamese Coffee) 20 years ago was of great significance, encouraging the whole coffee industry to strive to go up.
Uncle Ho visited Dong Hieu farm – Nghe An on December 10, 1961It was a warm winter morning, December 10, 1961, a day that the workers and people of Phu Quy area will never forget, the day Uncle Ho visited Dong Hieu farm – one of the five major farms under the Ministry of Agriculture at that time. Here Uncle Ho talked at a meeting of more than a thousand officials and workers from farms, factories, local people to welcome him at the stadium of Dong Hieu farm.
When the rally ended, Uncle Ho visited the production facilities of the farm. Uncle Ho did not sit on the waiting Vonga but the GAT 69 with the old license plate BAA 827 of the Farm Director brought him to visit the Nai Sinh production team (now Dong Thanh team) and stopped at the coffee lot. number 119. This is a lot of tea like Typica. In the lot, there are tall, black, canopy trees to shade coffee trees. This month, coffee and tea are in the red ripening period, with fruit and branches. Uncle Ho asked about Mr. Huynh Son Thach as the Party Committee Secretary and Mr. Tran Kim Manh – Director of Dong Hieu farm about coffee varieties, yield, yield and price of coffee. When he heard the Secretary of the Party Committee report that the farm planted all three types of coffee, tea, and jackfruit, Uncle asked why the farm does not grow all kinds of coffee and tea. Uncle told the workers to take care of increasing productivity and lowering product costs. For example, I used to make a sample of coffee for 1,400 VND (at that time the price of 1kg of coffee was 7 VND), I could only exchange one plow. If the price is reduced to 700 VND, a sample of coffee can change 2 plows. She also told the staff to learn more scientific and technical knowledge to produce more and more coffee for export to enrich the country.
50 years have passed, implementing the teachings of Uncle Ho, the coffee industry has grown tremendously. It is also an expression of gratitude and infinite love for Uncle Ho. December 10 will go into history and become a traditional day of Vietnam’s coffee industry.
COFFEE TREE
Coffee is the name of a genus of plants in the herbaceous family (Rubiaceae). This family includes about 500 different genera with more than 6,000 species of tropical plants.
The genus of coffee includes many different species of perennial plants. However, not all species contain caffeine in the seeds, some species are far from the coffee plants we often see.
Only two species of coffee have economic significance. The first species has a common name in Vietnamese is coffee tea (scientific name: Coffea arabica), representing about 61% of coffee products in the world. The second species is Robusta coffee (scientific name: Coffea canephora or Coffea robusta), accounting for nearly 39% of coffee products. There is also Coffea liberica and Coffea excelsa (called jackfruit coffee in Vietnam) with negligible yields.
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Robusta coffee stalks, when sawing, are often used to carve handicrafts.
Robusta coffee stalks, when sawing, are often used to carve handicrafts.
Coffee and tea trees can be up to 6 m tall, with Robusta coffee up to 10 m. However, on coffee farms, people often have to prune to keep a height of 2-4 m, convenient for harvest. Coffee tree has elongated branches, short stem leaves, dark green, oval shape. The upper surface of the leaves is dark green, the lower surface is lighter green. The length of the leaves is about 8-15 cm, 4-6 cm wide. Coffee tree roots are pile roots, plugged deep into the ground from 1 to 2.5 m with many secondary roots radiating around to absorb nutrients to nourish plants.
flower
Coffee flowers are white, have five petals, usually bloom in double or triple cluster. The flower color and floral scent make it easy to think of jasmine. Flowers bloom only within 3 to 4 days and pollination time is only a few hours. A mature coffee tree has between 30,000 and 40,000 flowers.
Right from the time the coffee tree was fruitful, people had the first assessment of the coffee season. In large coffee producing countries this is especially important in making price and market judgment. However, severe cold spells or drought can upset all calculations and push the market into a completely different situation.
Fruit
Coffee is a self-pollinating plant, so wind and insects have a great influence on the reproduction of the plant. After 7 to 9 months of pollination, the tree will produce oval fruit, resembling a cherry. During ripening, the color of the fruit changes from green to yellow and then finally red. The fruit is black when fully ripe. Due to such a long time to flower and bear fruit, a coffee crop lasts nearly a year and can happen on a tree that both flowers and bears fruit.
Usually a coffee fruit contains two seeds. They are surrounded by the flesh of the fruit on the outside. The two coffee beans are pressed together. The contact surface between them is flat, the outward facing surface has an arc. Each seed is also protected by two thin films: a white layer, tightly attached to the seed coat; a more discrete yellow layer wrapped on the outside. The seeds can be round or long, and when fresh, yellowish gray, greenish gray or green. Occasionally, the fruit has only one seed (because there is only one kernel or because two seeds are stuck together into one).
Season (year of manufacture)
In Vietnam, the country is currently the world leader in Robusta coffee production, the crop is calculated from October to the end of September next year (according to calendar). Harvesting time in the Central Highlands provinces (which produce about 80% of Vietnam’s total output) usually lasts 4 months, from the end of October to the end of January.
Immediately after harvest is the time when Robusta coffee farmers start watering the plants and fertilizing, divided into short batches. This phase lasts until April every year.
Some pictures of coffee trees
Coffee Tea (ARABICA)
Tea coffee is the Vietnamese name of the coffee species (scientific name: coffee arabica) because this coffee species has small leaves, the tree is usually low like tea tree, a popular industrial tree in Vietnam.
The photo depicts the coffee and tea tree
This type has two types that are growing in Vietnam: Moka and Catimor
a) Moka: charming aroma, sweetness, light taste, but very low yield, low domestic price because it cannot be exported, while the export price is very high – 2-3 times that of Robusta – because planting is not enough cost, so farmers rarely plant this type of coffee.
b) Catimor: Strong aroma, slightly sour taste, export price twice as much as Robusta – but not suitable for the climate of the Central Highlands because the fruit ripens in the rainy season and is not concentrated – so picking costs are very high – Currently in Quang Tri is growing an experimental plant, this plant is widely available and has very good prospects.
Arabica is the most economically valuable species of coffee tree. Coffee and tea make up 61% of coffee products worldwide. Arabica coffee is also called Brazilian Milds if it comes from Brazil, it is called Colombian Milds if it comes from Colombia, and called Other Milds if it comes from other countries. Thereby, it can be seen that Brazil and Colombia are the two main exporters of this coffee, their coffee quality is also appreciated. Other exporting countries include Ethiopia, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, and India.
Arabica coffee tree likes to live in high mountains. People often plant it at altitudes from 1000-1500 m. The tree has large canopy, dark green color and oval leaves. Mature coffee trees can be 4-6 m tall, if allowed to grow wild can be up to 15 m high. Fruit oval, each containing two coffee beans.
Tea coffee after planting about 3 to 4 years, can start to harvest. Usually 25 years old coffee is considered old, no longer harvested. In fact it can still continue to live for about 70 years. Arabica coffee plants prefer temperatures from 16-25 ° C, rainfall over 1000 mm.
In the coffee market, tea is more prized than Robusta coffee (coffea canephora or coffea robusta) because of its delicious taste and less caffeine content. A bag of coffee and tea (60 kg) usually costs twice as much as a bag of Robusta coffee. Vietnam is the second largest coffee exporter in the world, but mostly Robusta coffee. In 2005, it is expected that the new coffee and tea plantation area will reach about 10% of the total coffee growing area of the country (about 40,000 ha / 410,000 ha).
The reason it is difficult to develop tea coffee is because the altitude in Vietnam is not suitable, the coffee growing areas in Vietnam such as Buon Ma Thuot Dak Lak, Bao Loc Lam Dong … are only 500-1000 m altitude compared to At sea level, this plant has many pests and diseases, so it is not as economical as growing Robusta coffee if grown in Vietnam.
ROBUSTA COFFEE
Robusta coffee (also known as Robusta coffee, Robusta coffee) scientific name: Coffea canephora or Coffea robusta is the second most important plant in the coffee species. About 39% of coffee products are produced from this coffee.
The largest exporter of Robusta coffee in the world is Vietnam. Other important exporting countries include Côte d’Ivoire, Uganda, Brazil, and India.
Robusta coffee tree characteristics
Robusta coffee tree is a tree or shrub, the height of a mature tree can be up to 10 m. The fruit is round, the seeds are smaller than the arabica beans. Caffeine content in robusta beans is about 2-4%, while in arabica coffee is only about 1-2%.
Like tea coffee (Arabica coffee), 3-4 years old Robusta can begin to be harvested. Plants give seeds for about 20 to 30 years. Robusta coffee prefers to live in the tropics, the suitable height for planting is less than 1000 m. Preferred temperature of plants about 24-29 ° C, rainfall over 1000 mm. Robusta coffee trees need more sunlight than the coffee tree.
Robusta coffee bean flavor
Robusta coffee contains a higher caffeine content and has an impure flavor than tea coffee (Arabica Coffee), so it is underestimated.
The price of a bag of canephora coffee is usually only half that of arabica coffee. In 2004, Vietnam exported over 14 million bags of this type of coffee, accounting for nearly half of the Robusta coffee exports worldwide (over 30 million bags). Currently, nearly 90% of the coffee area in Vietnam is planted with Robusta coffee, 10% is planted with tea and about 1% is planted with jackfruit coffee (coffea excelsa).
Robusta coffee field in Cu Kuin
Robusta coffee beans are harvested and left to dry
Jackfruit coffee (Liberia)
Jackfruit coffee or Liberia coffee (scientific name: Coffea liberica, synonymous with Coffea excelsa of the herbaceous family) is one of the three main types of coffee family.
Distinguishing characteristics
The tree is 2m -5m high. The stems, leaves and fruits are all big, different from other types of coffee, which are Robusta Coffee and Jackfruit Coffee. Because the leaves are big, dark green looks like jackfruit trees, so it is called jackfruit coffee so. Plants are drought tolerant, less water required, so they are usually grown in extensive fields, but due to poor productivity, low quality (sour taste), it is not popular and area development.
In Vietnam
In Vietnam, crops mainly grown in provinces such as Nghe An, Gia Lai, and Kon Tum are provinces with suitable conditions for the development of industrial crops, but not quite favorable for the development of coffee. This is also the reason why Dak Lak and especially Buon Ma Thuot, which is considered the capital of coffee, but has very little acreage to grow this type of coffee.
In the Central Highlands, jackfruit coffee often blooms and harvests later than other coffee species due to the characteristic that blooms by rain, the fruit is usually harvested in the December of lunar calendar, after other coffee species have been harvested accomplished. Jackfruit coffee output is not large, the kernel is large, elongated and white. Trees are often planted with pure species or as windbreak forest belts for plots of Robusta coffee, often planted in rows with a distance of 5-7m per tree.
Due to its drought-resistant properties and high resistance to pests and diseases, jackfruit coffee is currently used as a graft base for other types of coffee which are very popular with gardeners.
Jackfruit coffee beans are often mixed with coffee beans when roasted to create flavor.
Unconfirmed information: Jackfruit coffee is often suitable for European tastes, instant coffees according to European tastes often have a high proportion of jackfruit coffee, so they often have a characteristic sour taste.
* Excelsa coffee (Coffea excelsa) is often called Jackfruit coffee
Trees up to 10 meters high, wooden form, large leaves. Late ripe fruit, containing about 2% caffeine in the seeds, has a sour taste. For about 30-40 years. Suitable altitude is below 800m, average temperature 26o – 30oC, rainfall over 1000mm, need a lot of sunlight. Easy to grow, less pests and less time to take care of.
Jackfruit coffee varieties mainly originated from West Africa.
As the number of acreage and the number of plantations increased significantly, in the early 50s a third variety, Tea Coffee, was planted, but it was less popular because of its complexity.
Liberia coffee (Coffea liberica) is a variety also known as Jackfruit coffee
Only grown in the countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea in the equatorial region of West Africa. Previously in some plantations around BuonMaThuot and Dat Ly, Ea Pok appeared but in insignificant quantity and called Séri coffee. The plant is taller, the leaves are larger than the Excelsa variety and ripen later, and the taste is sour. In Europe like to mix with the other two when roasting.
A review of the basic characteristics of the main coffee varieties to see that the selection of suitable land for plants is important, affecting productivity and product quality. If you want to take to other lands, it is necessary to select, find suitable lines, have been domesticated and especially must have the participation of scientists on plant varieties. It is impossible to arbitrarily, only the will to impose subjectively contrary to nature like the stories mentioned above.
So up to the present time, it can be said that coffee trees in Vietnam do not have a brand name and have not developed in a really sustainable way. Nearly new see the launch to build coffee brand Buon Ma Thuot of Vietnam. This is what the managers, policymakers and the crop care agency need to pay attention to for Vietnam Robusta coffee to firmly assert its No. 1 position in the global market.
According to Wikipedia
Explore more:
1 / loris Coffee: is a choice of coffee beans full of coffee varieties Robusta, Arabica and Cherry. Those are the beans that have accumulated the most quintessential things that nature has for the red basalt land. By means of modern refinement and refining technology, the most excellent product is produced.
Characteristics: Are full round coffee beans. Especially, there is only one seed in one fruit. The bitter taste, the passionate aroma, the high caffeine content, the black water that is what Culi coffee brings. It is a process of combining the essence of uniqueness.
2 / Robusta – Arabica Coffee: This is a product line based on the perfect combination of Robusta and Arabica. It is a product that has definitely filtered out the essence that nature bestows on the sunny and windy Highlands but very hospitable.
Features: Creates a distinct curry, rich brown water. It combines the bitter taste of Robusta and the rich aroma of Arabica. Creating a sense of relaxation is so comfortable.
3 / Robusta – Cherry Coffee: This is a product line combining distinctive nuances. Not inferior to Robusta – Arabica. It is the blend of the bitterness of Robusta and the seductive sourness of Cherry. Since then, conquering human hearts with a feeling of ecstasy and passion as lovers.
Features: Water is strong, bitter and sour are mixed together to create a drink. This is the result of a bitter and sour love affair.
4 / Robusta – loris Coffee: This is a synthetic product of Robusta – loris. Creates an even more richness in color as well as enhances Robusta’s bitterness. Create a richer and stronger product line for coffee connoisseurs and thrills.
Characteristics: bitter taste, mild aroma, relatively high caffeine content, brown water. Create a feeling of refreshment, more dynamic.
5 / Euro Coffee :: Is a product derived from the passion of football. The nights stay awake with the soccer season. Is the perfect combination between the premium coffees. Give users a feeling of excitement and increase their passion for football.
Characteristics: With perfect formula and equipment lines, modern technology has made a difference for a product with passionate identity. The attractive aroma of Arabica, the bitter bitterness of Robusta, the sourness of Cherry, the very high caffeine content of the premium loris. All creates an endless passion for sleeping nights with a ball.
